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fourteenth scientific classification of Apis mellifera: the Family Apidae

The Apidae are a large family of bees, comprising the common honey bees, stingless bees (which are also cultured for honey), carpenter bees, orchid bees, cuckoo bees, bumblebees, and various other less well-known groups. The family Apidae presently includes all the genera that were previously classified in the families Anthophoridae and Ctenoplectridae, and most of these are solitary species, though a few are also cleptoparasites. The four groups that were subfamilies in the old family Apidae are presently ranked as tribes within the subfamily Apinae. This trend has been taken to its extreme in a few recent classifications that place all the existing bee families together under the name "Apidae" (or, alternatively, the non-Linnaean clade "Anthophila"), but this is not a widely-accepted practice.

The subfamily Apinae contains a diversity of lineages, the majority of which are solitary, and whose nests are simple burrows in the soil. However, honey bees, stingless bees, and bumblebees are colonial (eusocial), though they are sometimes believed to have each developed this independently, and show notable differences in such things as communication between workers and methods of nest construction. Xylocopines (Which includes the subfamily carpenter bees) are mostly solitary, though They Tend to be gregarious, and Some lineages Allodapini Contain Such as the eusocial species; Most members of this subfamily make nests in plant stems or wood. The nomadines cleptoparasites are all in the nests of other bees.

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thirteenth scientific classification of Apis mellifera: the Superfamily Apoidea

The bees (Apoidea Latreille, 1802) are a superfamily of Hymenoptera, which includes around 20,000 species, the most known of which is the honey bee (Apis mellifera).

Description. The morphology of bees reflects their specialization of insects foraging for pollen, the body is more or less covered with hair, the mouthparts are adapted to taking nectar, feet changes are likely to foster the collection of pollen.
Mouthparts. Mouthparts lambent sucking bee: the jaws lose their masticatory function and the power is entrusted to the maxillofacial complex labiale.L 'mouthparts of bees is like chewing-sucking, chewing-lapping and sucking and chewing-lapping- is mostly suitable to aspirate liquid sugar (nectar, honey, honeydew). The jaws completely lose the ability to chew and fluids are sucked through the maxillo-labial complex: the galea and labial palps are developed in length and flattened, the ligule, the insect forms a channel through which suction is drawn the 'liquid food. The species belonging to the families most primitive (Collectidae, Andrenidae, Stenotritidae, Halictidae, Melittidae) have a short tongue that allows them to forage only flowers that have a shallow corolla. Other (Megachilidae, Apidae), have a ligule that suits deeper corollas.

legs. bee hind legs (side). The two most widely developed are, respectively, the first tarsomero (left) and tibia (right). Tibia are evident the two sets of bristles that surround the basket. Bee hind leg (inside). Tarsomero are evident on the first series of transverse bristles forming the brush. They basically legged type surgery, but who have special training designed to scrape the pollen attached to the body and collect in a real organ located in the transport of hind tibiae. A special feature of the bees is the exceptional development of the first tarsomero, much bigger than the next. The stregghia is a special adaptation of the forefoot, at the first and tarsomero tibia, and its purpose is to facilitate the cleaning of the antennae. The ventral side of the first tarsomero in the vicinity of the tibial-tarsal, has a semicircular recess covered with a series of short bristles, which simulate a brush. The closure of the tibial-tarsal causes the spur of the distal tibia opposes closing the notch opening subcircolare in which a light is passed through the antenna. The spur, in this way, exerts a pressure that forces the antenna to slide in the hollow of tarsomero, while the bristles scrape the pollen stuck to the antennas. The basket is a concavity present on the outer side of hind tibiae, on which margins are included bristles sparse and long. The insect brush pollen from the body, using its front legs and rear damping and a compact drum; bristles naturally have the function to form a cage that holds the pollen. This structure is evident in particular when the worker bees returning to the nest or hive: the pollen collected in the shape of two small masses globose, usually yellowish in color, more or less orange, the sides of the hind legs. The brush is thick and robust set of bristles, arranged in several transverse rows on the inner face of the first tarsomero the hind legs. It is used to scrape the pollen from the chest, abdomen and wings.

Ali. Discrimination systematic uses of bees on the morphology of wing veins.
Biology. in solitary bees (eg Colletes, Anthophora, Xylocopa): each female, after fertilization, builds a nest, usually simple cavity dug in the ground or wood, formed by a series of cells, then fills them with nectar and pollen mixed, forming the so-called "bee bread" and, lastly lay an egg in the cell. Their larvae develop only with these provisions, without receiving any other treatment from the mother. The bee community (eg, Andrena, Megachile): females use a common nest in which each builds and supplies its cells. In most social bees (Eg economy) and females cooperate in nest building and procurement of cells, but without division of labor. Semisociali bees (eg Halictus): females cooperate in nest building and procurement of cells, and are divided into two castes functional addition to fertilized females, there are also female sterile workers. In social bees (eg Apis, Bombus, some species of Halictus) are characterized by the superimposition of several generations in the nest and a division of labor based on the presence of different caste. The female founder of Evylaeus marginatus, for example, lives in the nest 5-6 years. For the first four years are born by parthenogenesis, only sterile female workers, from the fifth year are also born males and females, and these will become future queens. All this suggests that, from the solitary bees, has gradually given rise to a grouping of several individual nests in one area and subsequently may have been taken a separate entrance for more individual nests and, later, may have established cooperative relationships between the females of the same common nest.
Power. Depending on your preference flower stand:
oligolettiche species - are those that cater to pollen on a limited number of species are distinguished themselves in species closely oligolettiche when bees collect a few species of one genus (eg Colletes cunicularius feeds exclusively on pollen from Salix spp. Florea Andrena specializes in Bryonia spp.), And species widely oligolettiche when they feed on pollen species belonging to different genera of the same family (eg Andrena agile, which limits his choices to genera of the family Cruciferae, or A. fuscipes, which specializes in Ericaceae spp.).
polilettiche species - are those that loot on several species of different families, the honeybee, Apis mellifera, is the most representative example of Apoidea polilettico. It is not uncommon to
oligolettiche species considered to modify their behavior according to the temporary unavailability of the preferred species of pollen: Colletes cunicularius, for example, can direct its activities to foraging species other than Salix spp. in case of unavailability of the latter.
There are also showing that bees specialize in collecting pollen on flower nectar species (for es.Ophrys spp.) Must necessarily resort to other species to meet their requirements for carbohydrates. Some strains do not host
nectar sometimes colonies of aphids whose honeydew accumulates on the spur of the flowers is the case, for example, orchid robertiana Barla, home to numerous colonies dell'afide Dysaphis tulipae, which serves as the attraction to honeydew the insect pollinator Bombus hortorum.
Reproduction. The solitary bees with traditional behavior when the males mate, anticipating the females in output from the pupal stage, they see a female pheromone, and then submerge in large numbers to win the competition, generally the males are not aggressive towards of their peers except for some antoforini megachilidi and fighting to remove the males from their territory. The female builds the nest individually, consisting of ten cells used for food and often die before the onset of the new generation of bees. Even the bees are solitary full-time workers, tireless in the search for food, and egg deposition in the excavation and treatment of the cells. In social bees
more evolved as Apis mellifera, the queen was followed and courted by a host of male drones. Only one of the drones, with some exceptions, the fertile female, who kept the male sperm in a spermatheca, at the time of egg-laying queen has the power to control the process of fertilization of eggs. The unfertilized eggs (parthenogenetic or) produce males, genetically haploid, with 16 chromosomes, while fertilized eggs produce diploid females, with 32 chromosomes. If environmental conditions allow a queen get to lay up to 2000-3000 eggs per day, sticking to the bottom of each egg cell.
structure of the nests.
Some families of Apoidea (Andrenidae, Melittidae, and Collectidae Halictidae) are terricolous, that dig a nest in the ground, in a difficult environment due to moisture and hence the proliferation of bacteria and fungi. Terricolous solitary species are usually equipped with a special abdominal gland (Dufour gland), which opens near the sting (sting), and which secretes substances that waterproof cells for larvae and food, some species, however, cover the walls of plant cells with resinous substances.
Other species (Xylocopinae, Collectidae) are lignicole, that used to nest the stumps, wood and various types of plant stems, the Xylocopinae usually manage to pierce through their mandibles wood and sometimes to cause some damage to the beams of the buildings. Other species, again, using substrates and cavities of all kinds. The Megachilidae, for example, use wood but sometimes the anfractuosity a stone, the concavity of the tiles on a roof, the cracks of a wall, shoes, etc..
Megachile centuncularis using tunnels dug in the precent xylophagous trees by insects such as beetles, Cerambycidae, covering them with fragments of leaves of pink and Osmia rufa use the empty shells of snails, in which plant cells characteristic barrel-shaped, wall kneading Calicodoma earth and saliva compact cells such as cement manufacturing.
In bumble bees, the queen creates a spherical cavity of 3-4 cm in diameter connected to the outside with a hole a few inches long. The cavity is created in a shelter using materials available in the environment. Soon after it oriole builds a wax to keep the honey, which will be used only when the queen can not leave the nest to bad weather. In addition, the Queen set up a mass of pollen-shaped bottle, on which lays 8-16 eggs, which then cover with wax. Up to the time of hatching (4-6 days after egg laying), the queen remains in the nest, being above the mass of pollen to brood their eggs. The more complex structure than in most advanced forms can be comfortable for tens of thousands of individuals, is represented by the comb, a cluster of hexagonal cells modeled with the wax, secreted by abdominal glands of the workers. Some solitary bees of the subfamily Nomadinae (eg Nomada, Epeolus, Triepeolus, Holcopasites) follow a parasitic behavior and lay eggs in the nests of other bees. The English are called "cuckoo bees" and their larvae are equipped with mandibles, with which dismember the host larvae and take advantage of the cells of food to eat.
Distribution. The bees have the almost ubiquitous distribution being present on all continents except Antarctica. The areas where the greatest biodiversity is concentrated are represented by warm-temperate regions of the Mediterranean and California. Some families are found only in Africa (Meganomiidae) while others in Africa have the highest number of genera and species (and Dasypodaidae Melittidae).